Mea fai musika |

Mea Faimusika – meafaifa'aili ua fa'atulagaina e fa'apipi'i fati fati fa'atulagaina ma fa'amaumau i leo o leo po'o le fa'atonu manino fa'atonu, fa'apea fo'i ma le pisa. O mea e faia ai leo ma leo lē maopoopo (mallet a tagata leoleo i le po, paʻu o tuli manu, logo faaofuofu, faaili), po o togafiti e faataʻitaʻi ai le pepese o manulele ma le tagi a manu e faaaogā i tuliga, faapea ma meafaigaluega e fai ma meafaigaluega faapitoa. faamoemoega faailo, i lalo o nisi tulaga e mafai ona faaaogaina uma e pei o M. ma. E iai foi M. ma. fa'atatauga fa'atatau, fa'aaogaina mo fa'amoemoega fa'ale-aganu'u (shaman timbourine, Buddhist ghan-dan ma bure, Nivkh partigre); o nisi taimi e fa'aaogaina e fa'atasi ma moega. siva (Est. kraatsspill, Latvian, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). E aofia ai masini, faatasi ai ma le fesoasoani i le symphony. (opera) fa'aili fa'atupu faititili, savili tagi, sasa ta, ma isi mea. faatufugaga. galuega tauave, eg. logo a le ekalesia ma se laulaufaiva tautau fua. Ia M. ma. litas e aofia ai foi. Toshalya poʻo Latvian. berzstaase, faia mai le pa'u birch, Mari efi mai lau lilac, Ukrainian. lusk mai seu pa'u, ma isi; fa'aaogā meafaigaluega fa'apena. e faaili ma le atamai e le au musika ia fati lavelave, e faaauupegaina i latou i fuaitau eseese ma melismas.

O M. ma. ei ai se timbre fa'aletino (uiga, lanu) o le leo, fa'apitoa. malosi malosi ma le tele o leo. Lelei leo M. ma. faʻalagolago i mea e faʻaaogaina mo le gaosiga o le meafaigaluega, foliga na tuʻuina atu ia i latou (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamaumauga uma o vaega, faʻapotopotoga) ma e mafai ona suia e faʻaaoga ai le faʻaopoopoga. masini (faataitaiga gūgū), pala. auala e aveese ai leo (mo se faataitaiga, pizzicato, harmonic, ma isi).

M. i. E talia masani e vaevae i tagata ma fa'apolofesa. O le mea muamua e faia i totonu o tagata ma faʻaaogaina i le olaga i aso faisoo ma musika. faatinoga. O meafaifa'aili tutusa e mafai ona fa'atatau i tagata e to'atasi ma tagata 'ese'ese, e fa'atatau i fa'alapotopotoga. aiga po o le umi. fesootaiga faasolopito ma aganuu. O lea la, naʻo Iukureini o loʻo i ai se bandura, ma i Georgia - panduri ma chonguri. I le isi itu, sasae. Slavs - Rusia, Ukrainians, Belarusians - sa i ai i le taimi ua tuanai ma o le taimi nei o loʻo faʻaaogaina vaega masani - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, paipa), zhaleika (pu), ato (dudu), uili lyre, i Azerbaijan ma Armenia - saz, tar, kemancha , zurnu, duduk; i Uzbekistan ma Tajikistan, toetoe lava o meafaifaaili uma e tutusa. Polofesa o le tele o meafaifaaili na faia o se taunuuga o le faaleleia ma le suiga o le nar. meafaigaluega. O lea, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i aso ua mavae, naʻo Nar. o le meafaifaaili o le vaiolini, o le vaiolini faaonaponei na tulai mai i tagata sili ona faigofie. fagufagu, mai le chalumeau anamua – clarinet, etc. Faapitoa masani e aofia ai M. ma., o se vaega o le symphony. (opera), matagi ma estr. faaili, faapea foi ma apamemea ma manoa. piano (okeni, piano, i aso ua mavae – harpsichord, clavichord). I le tele o atunuu (Initia, Iran, Turkey, Saina, ma isi) latou te taina toetoe lava na o mea fai musika a tagata, ma o faatufugaga i luga o ia mea faifaaili o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻapolofesa maualuga i nei atunuu. Ae ui i lea, i le tulaga o le au fa'aili musika a Europa aemaise o aganu'u keyboard, ia e le o feso'ota'i sa'o i tu ma aga a tagata, ua fa'avasegaina fa'apolofesa. M. ma.; latou mamanu, fa'atekinisi-fa'atino ma fa'ata-fa'aaliga. ua faaatoatoaina foliga.

O le tulai mai o M. ma. e patino i aso anamua. O nisi o latou, eg. Seu ma fagufagu muamua na faia i ponaivi, e maua e tagata suʻesuʻe i le taimi o suʻesuʻega o nofoaga o tagata o le vaitaimi Paleolithic. i maa faamanatu Neolithic. vaitaimi o lo'o i ai talipalau tasi itu, vao ofe (e pei o le pulupulu po'o le chalumeau), xylophones anamua ma fagufagu ma pu ta. O manoa na aliali mai mulimuli ane nai lo isi. M. i. – o kitara sili ona faigofie, e pei o le lute ma le tanbur-foliga, ae na iloa foi e nisi tagata i se taimi umi ao lei oo i le TLM. u. E eseese manatu o le amataga o M. ma. E iai le manatu o nei mea muamua o ni mea faigaluega fa'ailo ma o lo'o feso'ota'i i se tasi itu po'o se isi ma galuega a le tagata anamua. Ae ui i lea, e pei ona molimauina e mea anamua, ua i ai i le amataga o le atinaʻeina o tagata soifua, sa i ai meafaigaluega na faia na o musika ma matagofie. galuega tauave: fagufagu ma pu e taina, e mafai ai ona e suʻeina leo o maualuga eseese o se fua faʻatulagaina tonu (lea e faʻaalia ai le tulaʻi mai o se musika anoa), manoa. meafaifaaili e talafeagai mo na'o le faia o musika, Tes. ituaiga o castanets o loʻo faʻatasi ma siva taʻitoʻatasi ma vaega, ma isi. Faatasi ai ma le fesoasoani o le feula mo musika. fa'afiafiaga e mafai ona fa'aoga paipa fa'ailo ma pu.

O le evolusione o M. ma., o le faʻatamaoaigaina o meafaigaluega na alu saʻo. feso'ota'iga ma le atina'e lautele o le tagata, lona aganu'u, musika, fa'atinoga. tagi ma auala gaosiga. I le taimi lava e tasi, o nisi M. ma., ona o le uiga ese o latou mamanu, ua oʻo mai ia i tatou i lo latou tulaga muamua (mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Uzbek castanets - kayrak), o isi ua faʻaleleia, o nisi M. ma. ma manaoga matagofie, ua le toe faaaogaina ma ua suia i mea fou. Numera ma le eseese o M. ma. ua faateleina ma faateleina. Muses. faatufugaga, a'o atiina ae, e mana'omia ni auala talafeagai e fa'aalia ai, ma o mea fai musika e sili atu ona maualuga, i le isi itu, na saofagā i le fa'alauteleina o musika. fatufatuga ma le faatinoga. faamasinoga. Ae ui i lea, e le o taimi uma le tikeri o le eseesega ma tekinolosi. M. setete ma. e mafai ona avea ma fua o le maualuga o musika. aganuu. O nisi tagata, e fiafia i wok. musika, faia M. ma. i ni vaega fa'atapula'a ma fa'aaogaina Ch. arr. o se aufaipese fa'atasi. pesega. E faapena, mo se faataitaiga, uta. chonguri ma panduri, pe na o le pau, i le mea moni, kurai i totonu o Bashkirs ma khomys i totonu o le Yakuts. I le taimi lava e tasi, o le tomai o le taina o le kurai ma khomys, ma musika na faia i luga oi latou, na ausia le atoatoa tele i nei tagata.

E sili ona manino le sootaga a M. ma. fa'atasi ai ma le fatufatua'i ma le fa'atinoga, o la latou filifiliga ma fa'aleleia atili e mafai ona su'esu'eina i le matata o le polofesa. musika (i musika a tagata, o nei faiga e sili atu le lemu, ma mea fai musika e tumau pea e le suia pe itiiti foi suiga mo seneturi). O lea, i le 15-16 seneturi. fidels (viels) ma o latou leo ​​talatala na suia i le leo malu, matte timbre, "aristocratic" vaioli. I le 17-18 seneturi. e fesoʻotaʻi ma le atinaʻeina o le homophonic harmonic. sitaili ma le tula'i mai o musika e mana'omia ai le fesuisuia'i o le faatinoga, o le vaiolini na suia i le vaiolini ma lona aiga, o lo'o i ai se leo susulu, fa'aalia ma avanoa mo le ta'alo amioatua. I le taimi lava e tasi ma vaiolia, le vaivai, ae “le ola” i le leo, o le fagufagu faaumiumi na pa'u i le le faaaogaina, ma maua ai le avanoa i se fagufagu e sili atu le leo ma le telefoni feaveai. I le taimi lava e tasi, ua le toe faʻaaogaina musika Europa i faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga. o le lute ma ona ituaiga - o le theorbo ma chitarron (arch-lute), ma i le fale musika-faia le lute na suia i le vihuela, ona sosoo ai lea ma le kitara. Ia con. 18 senituri na suitulaga le kitara e le M. ma le fou. – piano.

Polofesa musika musika, i le vaʻaia o le lavelave o latou mamanu, e faʻalagolago tele i musika a tagata i lona atinaʻeina i luga o le tulaga o le faʻasaienisi tonu ma le gaosiga o metotia-o le i ai o muses. falegaosimea ma la'au fa'atasi ma a latou fale su'esu'e fa'ata'ita'i ma fau mea faigaluega tomai. Pau lava le tuusaunoaga o mea fai vaiolini. aiga e manaomia le gaosiga o tagata taitoatasi. Vaiolini, cellos, pa'u lua ua fa'aleleia atili i luga o fa'ata'ita'iga a tagata ta'uta'ua Brescia ma Cremonese matai o le 16th-18th seneturi. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, ma isi) e tumau pea le le mafaatusalia i lo latou lelei. O le atinaʻe sili ona malosi o le polofesa. M. i. na tupu i le 18 ma le 19 senituri. O le fausiaina e T. Böhm o se mamanu fou o se fagufagu ma se valve system (o le faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua na faʻaalia i le 1832) na faʻalauteleina ai avanoa fatufatuaʻi a le au fatu pese ma saofagā i le atinaʻeina o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga solo. O se suiga moni na aumaia e ala i foliga vaaia i le amataga o le 19 senituri. enisinia alavai i meafaifaaili apamemea. Faʻafetai i lenei mea, na latou liliu ese mai le mea e taʻua. natura M. ma. (fa'atasi ai ma se numera fa'atapula'a o leo ma fa'agata ai avanoa) i le chromatic, mafai, pei o fafie, e toe gaosia ai so'o se musika. Fa'aa'a fa'ata'ita'i. o se suiga i musika o ituaiga uma mo meafaifa'aili piano na tupu i le o'o mai o le samala-piano, lea na suia ai le harpsichord ma le clavichord. Faatasi ai ma le mea fou o le eletise ma leitio, na mafai ai ona fausia mea fai musika eletise.

I se tulaga laʻititi (ona o laʻei taʻitoʻatasi) latou te faʻalagolago i le maualuga o tekinolosi. M. i. Ae ui i lea, e oʻo lava iinei, e aunoa ma se atinaʻeina o mea taulima ma fale gaosi oloa, e le mafai ona faʻateleina le gaosiga o harmonicas, faʻaleleia "Andreev" balalaikas ma domras (Rusia), mea tamburash (Czechoslovakia ma Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary ma Romania), ma isi. .O le atiina ae o tagata. M. i. e fa'alagolago sa'o i tulaga fa'ale-agafesootai o le sosaiete. I le USSR, faʻafetai i le atinaʻeina o nat. art-va, faʻapea foʻi ma le siʻitia lautele o le tamaoaiga ma le aganuu o moega lautele. tele i totonu o le malo ma itulagi tutoʻatasi na amata ona fatuina le tele. instr. fa'apotopotoga, na amata galuega i le toe fa'afouina, toe fa'aleleia ma le fa'aleleia o moega. M. ma., o le mamanuina o latou aiga mo le ensemble ma le aufaaili, e lei iloa muamua e to-rogo. tagata. Fa'amaumau mausali e le gata i le prof. ma fai-oe-oe lava. ta'aloga solo ma fa'atasi, ae fa'apea fo'i i tagata. olaga musika faapena M. ma. faʻaleleia faiga, pei o le bandura i Iukureini, sumepalo i Belarus, kankles ma birbin i Lithuania, ituaiga eseese o kannels i Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab ma chang i Uzbekistan, dombra i Kazakhstan, ma isi.

I le fesoʻotaʻiga ma le faʻalauteleina o le repertoire o amateurs. ma Prof. ensembles ma mea faifaaili, o le aofia ai o musika i totonu. classics ma le gaosiga o fatu pese fa'aonaponei (e aofia ai fomu tetele), fa'apea fo'i ona o le fa'atupula'ia lautele o le aganuu fa'amusika a tagata o le USSR, tagata fai pese, ensembles ma fa'aili a tagata. meafaigaluega na amata ona faʻaaogaina le tele ma le polofesa. M. i. – kitara, ki accordion, accordion, vaiolini, clarinet, ma isi. pusa – fagufagu, pu ma trombone.

Typological ituaiga o M. o loʻo i ai i le lalolagi ma. tele. Systematizing M. ma., ua tuufaatasia i latou i vaega e tusa ma c.-l. uiga fa'apitoa. O faiga tuai o fa'avasegaga o Initia ma Saina; o le muamua faavasega M. ma. e tusa ai ma le auala o le faʻafiafiaina o le leo, o le lona lua - e tusa ai ma le ituaiga o mea e fai ai le meafaigaluega. E masani ona talia e vaevae M. ma. i vaega e 3: matagi, manoa ma pa'u. O vaega, i le isi itu, ua vaevaeina i ni vaega laiti: matagi - i laupapa ma le 'apamemea, ma le manoa - i le tauina ma punou. O le puna leo o meafaifaaili matagi o se koluma o le ea o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina i totonu o le alavai paelo, mea fai manoa - o se manoa faʻaloloa; O le kulupu ta'alo e faia i meafaifa'aili e maua mai ai le leo i se ta. Ia prof. agaga. meafaifaaili laupapa e aofia ai fagufagu, oboe, clarinet, bassoon ma o latou ituaiga (piccolo flute, English horn, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), faapea foi ma se aiga o saxophones ma sarisophones. E ui lava i le mea moni o nisi mea faifaʻaili (faaili faʻaonaponei ma piccolo flute, saxophones, sarusophones) e faia i le uʻamea, ae o isi (clarinet, oboe) e faia i nisi taimi i le palasitika, latou te fetaui lelei ma woodwinds i tulaga o le faʻaogaina o leo ma uiga masani musika. Faatasi ai ma meafaifaaili masani o lenei vaega laiti o le Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira ma Luddu, Latvian. ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. O le vaega laiti o meafaifaaili apamemea (e ta'ua foi o le embouchure po o le gutu) e aofia ai pu, pu, trombone, tuba, ma meafaifaaili agaga. faaili (byugelhorns ma flugelhorns), mai le nar. – Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Ukrainian (Hutsul) trembita, Mold. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Vladimir pu. E ui lava e toetoe lava o latou uma o laupapa, e tusa ai ma le auala e maua mai ai le leo ma lona uiga, latou te le ese tele mai le apamemea. O se vaega laiti o manoa ua se'i e aofia ai kitara, mandolin, Kazakh. dombra, Turkm. dutar, rus. gusli ma le ituaiga tutusa o Kannel, Latvian. kokle, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. O i'a ifo e aofia ai le vaiolini ma lona aiga (viola, cello, double bass), Azeri. kemancha, kirg. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. O le kulupu pa'u e faia i le tele ma le tele o M. ma. fa'atasi ai ma se pa'u pa'u (timpani, pa'u, topa) pe faia i mea e mafai ona fa'alogoina ia lava (sumepalo, gong, tafatolu, xylophone, castanets, ma isi). Igoa o le piano harpsichord, pianoforte (ta piano matua, piano sa'o), okeni, harmonium, ma isi.

I tusitusiga faʻasaienisi meafaigaluega faʻaoga sili atu ona lavelave, ae sili atu foʻi le faʻavasegaina o faiga (vaai. fa'amatalaga atili ile Art. Instrumentation), faʻatagaina e faʻaalia atili atoatoa ma faʻamalamalama le uiga o ituaiga taʻitasi M. ma le. Le sili ona lauiloa o le faiga, o lona faavae na faataatia e F. Gevaart (“Nouveau traité d'instrumentation”, P. – Brux., 1885) ona fausia lea e V. Маийоном ("Faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga ma auʻiliʻili faʻamaumauga o le Instrumental Museum of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). O uiga faʻamalamalamaina o le faʻavasegaina i totonu o le faiga o le puna lea o le leo ma le auala e maua mai ai; fa'ailoga atili M. ma le. gaosia e tusa ai ma o latou foliga mamanu. Autu o mataupu faavae o le faʻavasegaina o Gevaart ma Mayon, i le uiga. tikeri taliaina ma mataalia mulimuli ane e E. Hornbostel ma K. Sachs (“Systematik der Musikinstrumente”, “Zeitschrift für Ethnologie”, 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), e masani ona faaaogā i le Sov. meafaifaaili (e aunoa ma le soona tu'imomomoina o meafaifaaili i ituaiga ma ituaiga). E tusa ai ma le faiga na faʻaaogaina i le USSR, M. ma le. ua vaevaeina e tusa ai ma le puna leo i 4 vaega: matagi (aerophones), manoa (chordophones), membrane (membranophones) ma le tagata lava-leo (idiophones po autophones). Membrane leo puna o le pa'u fa'aloloa po'o le ta'umi o se manu, fa'aleo - mea fa'amamafa i totonu e fai ai le mea faifa'aili po'o lona vaega fa'alogo. E tusa ai ma le auala e maua ai le leo, e vaevaeina mea faifa'aili i le fagufagu, u, gutu ma fa'aulu-uu keyboards. O fagufagu e aofia ai ituaiga uma o fagufagu: ocarina-foliga, longitudinal (o le meafaifaaili e taofi i se tulaga faaumiumi) ma le felavasa'i (o le meafaifaaili e taofi i se tulaga fa'asaga). Ocarinoid – o ituaiga uma ia o faaili vascular ma ocarinas; longitudinal ua vaevaeina i ni mea matala, lea e matala ai pito uma e lua o le ogalaau (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), fa'aili (poloka-flyer, Belarusian. paipa, sopel Rusia, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), ituaiga fa'a fagu fa'alava (gr. larchemi po o soinari, mold. tele, Ukrainian svyril, kuim-chipsan o tagata Komi); i totonu o le transverse sili ona lauiloa i aso nei. polofesa fagufagu, Uzbek-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. E vaevaeina meafaifaaili Reed i meafaifaʻaili ma se laulaufaiva saoloto (Mari lyshtash mai le lau manulele manulele, Adjarian sapratsuna mai le lau walnut, Ukrainian. luska mai horn otschen, Latvian. birzstaase i foliga o se ipu paʻu birch), ma le laulaufaiva sasa e tasi (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. taga paipa, taga paipa poo taga paipa, est. roopill, lit. birbin), fa'atasi ai ma le laulaufaiva sasa fa'alua (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. ma le lima. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. pu, tanu. bishkur), fa'atasi ai ma se ofe mase'e (ituaiga uma o harmonicas ma harmonium; o nei meafaifa'aili e fa'alogoina e le tagata lava ia, ie. auā ‘ua ‘iā te i latou lava le laulaufaiva, a ‘ua fa‘avasegaina i latou o meafaifaaili a le matagi). O mouthpieces e aofia ai meafaifaʻaili, lea o le faʻaosofia o le oscillations o le koluma ea o laugutu o le tagata fai pese, faʻapipiʻi i le gutu (mouthpiece) o le paelo ma, e tusa ai, faʻamalosi (prof. meafaifaaili apamemea, tagata – pu, pu ma paipa).

O le vaega o manoa e aofia ai mea faifa'aili, punou ma ta. I le taimi muamua, e maua mai le leo e ala i le tosoina o le manoa i se peni, tamatamailima, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, kitara, kitara, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); i luga o aufana - pe faʻatasi ma se aufana (meafaifaaili a le aiga vaiolini, Armenian kamani, Georgian chuniri, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), poʻo se uili faʻafefe (uila uʻamea), ma luga o le paʻu - e ala i le sasa. le manoa ma se samala po o laau (clavichord, fp., sumepalo, Armenian ma Georgian santur po santuri).

O le vaega membrane e aofia ai meafaifaaili ma se fuifui fuifui fuifui, lea latou taia i le lima, se mallet, po o le faia o se leo i se auala feeseeseai (topa, timpani, pa'u, Ukrainian bugay ma Mold. thump). O le membrane e aofia ai foʻi mirlitons – meafaifaʻaili ma se paʻu, lea e faʻapupulaina ma valivali le leo o le tagata pese i se timbre faʻapitoa (Ukrainian Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana sea otters, o se selu masani e afifi i pepa solo mo le selu lauulu). O le tele o le vaega o mea faifaaili leo o le tagata lava ia ua vaevaeina i sei (vargan i ona suiga uma), percussion (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, sumepalo, tafatolu, orc. logo, Lithuanian jingulis, Kabardino-Balkarian ma Adyghe pkhachich), feeseeseaiga. (Est. kraatspill ma pingipill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

O vaega faʻapitoa o mea faʻainisinia ma electrophonic. I luga o masini, e taʻalo le taʻaloga i le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina poʻo le eletise eletise, o le taamilosaga o le 'au i le lima, o le electrophonic e vaevaeina i fetuutuunai (meafaifaaili masani ua faʻapipiʻiina i se masini mo le faʻalauteleina o le leo) ma mea faʻaeletoroni, o le puna leo o le. tetete faaeletise (silasila i mea faifaaili faaeletise).

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K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin